Psychometric Tests
Research in psychometrics and human resources management has produced significant results during the last decades, particularly with the advent of information technology and software engineering. We are now in a position to utilize intelligent software, in order to analyze the personality of a candidate and match this to several sectors of the economy and the society generally. The questionnaires and inventories discussed here have been designed by Computer Academy to provide reliable services for strategic decision making and national planning, the educator, the employer, as well as the individual who recognizes the value of “know thyself” and self-awareness of Socrates, aiming to become a better person.
The tests are based on state of the art theory and practice documented in international scientific Journals. They are fully automated in that the software records the subject’s responses in real-time, analyses these and produces a report without human (counsellor) intervention. The report then forms the basis for all decision-making and consultancy services. The subject is prompted by a computer program to answer to a series of well-defined questions regarding a) activities, b) preferences, c) intellectual tasks, d) beliefs, e) values, f) motivations, g) logical reasoning, h) verbal, numerical, and mechanical reasoning. Once all the questions are answered, another software module, which is actually an expert system, takes over and proceeds to analyse the answers by utilising modern psychometric and statistical methods, classifying in effect the personality of the individual.
The reports produced by the software contain analytical, quantified results and conclusions regarding the personality of the subject, supporting decision-making related to: a) vocational and career counselling, b) aptitude measurement, c) personnel selection, d) assessment of employees and executives, e) personnel development, f) performance appraisal, g) attitude measurement, h) management development, i) employee counselling, j) human engineering, k) productivity analysis, l) administrative skills measurement, m) public relations, n) psychological assessment and support.
We emphasise that the questionnaires presented here are not I.Q. (Intelligent Quotient), which in our opinion have no place in the 21st century. Several eminent scientists, including Kamin, have already spoken against I.Q. tests for various reasons, including the fact that they are knowledge-dependent rather than personality-dependent, giving particular emphasis on the time taken by the subject to respond to specific questions.
ARISTON test: Career guidance - Vocational counselling
ARISTON test is an expert system for vocational
counselling, utilizing advanced rules, algorithms
and mathematical models, in order to identify the
profession / occupation that suits your personality.
When we refer to an "expert system" we imply
advanced software and specialised knowledge
regarding personality types, special aptitudes and
abilities, and corresponding work environments. The
software produces a report automatically, following
extensive analyses of the answers you give online.
The knowledge contained in the expert database is
classified by age, sex, nationality, academic
departments, occupations and specialisations, and is
based on extensive analyses of thousands of
professionals and young people. In other words, the
test has been verified and validated on a very large
sample of real cases. The results of the report
produced can be used to support tasks related to
personality analysis, vocational counselling and
human resources management. More specifically, the
results can:
a) Identify hidden talents, professional
inclinations, aptitudes, abilities, and special
features of your personality.
b) Verify whether your personality can cope with the
requirements of specific work environments or
specialisations that requires University education.
c) Verify the practised profession and the degree to
which this is compatible with the personality of the
individual.
d) Identify alternative vocational interests and
occupational areas that are fully compatible with
your personality.
e) Support tasks concerning recruitment, transfer
and promotion, area of specialisation, placement in
departments, vocational and career counselling, and
general human resources management..
Brain hemispheres
It is widely accepted that the human brain consists
of two hemispheres, each one specializing in
specific functions and services, utilizing its own
sensors and information processors. It appears that
each hemisphere prefers to deal with certain
activities and cerebral functions, performing the
best it can. This test aims at measuring your
“laterality”, that is, the degree to which a
hemisphere is developed in relation to the other,
your preferences, but most importantly, the way your
brain learns.
The academic (learning) environment is often the
setting where the learning disabilities of a person
first become apparent. We usually notice problems in
one or more of the following basic areas:
Mathematics, Language, Cognitive development, Short
and long term memory, Attention, Concentration,
Organization, and Fine motor skills, where a
difficulty is otherwise known as dyspraxia or
kinaesthetic problem. Generally speaking, a person
with learning difficulties faces problems in a)
identifying, b) collecting, c) organising, d)
manipulating, and e) acting on verbal or non-verbal
information.
This test is based on state of the art theory for
testing cognitive abilities using spatial and
diagrammatic reasoning, beyond the Cattell-Horn-Carroll
theory of cognitive abilities and the Wechsler
scales, which evolve around the traditional approach
that includes language and mathematical abilities.
The test identifies those realms of thought where
the subject appears to have
learning difficulties, problems in assimilating new
information beyond previous experience and
reasoning. Assessing the ability to quickly
understand and assimilate new information we can
predict how responsive to education and training the
person will be. The test is independent of
attainment and can be used to provide an indication
of intellectual potential.
Emotional intelligence (EQ)
The analysis of our emotional quotient (EQ)
contributes to self-knowledge, the ascertainment and
characterization of our emotions and our needs, and
their adaptation to our long-term plans and
objectives; it also contributes to the cultivation
of profound relationships with our fellow human
beings, who are involved in our social life. In
addition, the analysis of EQ may contribute to the
improvement of our ability in making our needs
correspond to our emotions. Therefore, it is
essential
that we define motives (e.g. identification,
challenge, perspectives) and activate all of our
positive personality traits (e.g. assertiveness,
effort, discipline, endurance, resistance,
adaptability, flexibility, pliability), as well as
external factors (e.g. social relations,
communication policy, social awareness, emotional
participation, understanding of the emotions of
others, definition of boundaries and limits). EQ is
widely considered to be important to all the
professions, particularly to those that involve
human relations and human resources management.
Matching personalities
The test examines the degree to which two people have common personality traits by analysing 7 different psychometric factors. The results from the test can help two people, regardless of sex, to understand each other, to appreciate one another, to know the strengths and the weaknesses of each other and to respect each other. The ultimate objective is to improve their personality, to communicate better and to minimise the posibility of conflicts..
Learning abilities / difficulties
The academic (learning) environment is often the
setting where the learning disabilities of a person
first become apparent. We usually notice
problems in one or more of the following basic
areas: Mathematics, Language, Cognitive development,
Short and long term memory, Attention,
Concentration, Organization, and Fine motor skills,
where a difficulty is otherwise known as dyspraxia
or kinaesthetic problem. Generally speaking, a
person with learning difficulties faces problems in
a) identifying, b) collecting, c) organising, d)
manipulating, and e) acting on verbal or non-verbal
information.
This test is based on state of the art theory for
testing cognitive abilities using spatial and
diagrammatic reasoning, beyond the Cattell-Horn-Carroll
theory of cognitive abilities and the Wechsler
scales, which evolve around the traditional approach
that includes language and mathematical abilities.
The test identifies those realms of thought where
the subject appears to have
learning difficulties, problems in assimilating new
information beyond previous experience and
reasoning. Assessing the ability to quickly
understand and assimilate new information we can
predict how responsive to education and training the
person will be. The test is independent of
attainment and can be used to provide an indication
of intellectual potential.
Learning styles
Evidently, man learns and gains knowledge or skill through action, study, schooling, experience, education, training, and generally, by processing data and information selected by his basic senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing). A learning difficulty, regardless of its cause or nature, does not indicate subnormal intelligence, but rather a learning environment which is not suitable for the person under investigation. This means that the person must be compensated for with special tutoring and a learning environment that is in congruence with his personality traits. The purpose of this test is to discover how a person learns best, that is, modes under which the person gains maximum knowledge or skill. These modes are: a) Auditory, utilising the sound, b) Visual, utilising vision, c) Linguistic, utilising the written word, d) Kinaesthetic, utilising movement, touching, e) Interpersonal, utilising interpersonal relationships, and f) Intrapersonal, showing a preference to study alone and to think independently.
Values
The term “values” is used to illustrate a set of
ideas, beliefs and ideals that are acquired during the
maturation of a human being and govern the way a person
thinks, behaves or socialises, in general. Depending on
the sector of human activity from which they derive,
values may be described as: Ethical, Social, Cultural,
Religious, Artistic, etc.
Once a person has formed his personal value system,
he/she will be in a position to choose the way in which
they will act in their environment. That is to say, he
develops a number of ideas and points of view about
important sectors of life and he adopts a particular way
of assessing other people’s actions as well as
situations of his everyday life. His decisions, his
choices and, also, his long-term objectives are,
usually, a consequence of his values. Moreover, the
individual obtains a behavioural code, which is the
result of his defined values and makes him stand out
from the others.
Given that a higher level of mental ability is required
(sharp perception and judgment, and a mature way of
thinking) for realizing the significance of holding a
value system, it can be easily understood why people
with values demonstrate consistency and firmness in all
aspects of their everyday life. The adoption of values
in human life offers a feeling of satisfaction and
internal peace in everyone, since they lead to a mental
and psychological elevation, especially the following,
which are examined by this test: 1) Beauty, 2) Love, 3)
Teamwork, 4) Fairness, 5) Mercy, 6) Gratitude, 7)
Perseverance, 8) Integrity, 9) Kindness, 10) Modesty,
11) Prudence, 12) Spirituality, 13) Courage, 14)
Sincerity, 15) Responsibility, 16) Self-denial, 17)
Solidarity, 18) Conscientiousness, 19) Equity.
Logic
Logic and psychology belong to the discipline of
philosophical educational sciences and contribute
directly to the understanding of our inner world, of
our consciousness, as well as the way our mind
operates. Furthermore, logic investigates thought as
a process, its forms, rules and principles, while
the linguistic science investigates language, the
elements of speech and their structure, grammar and
syntax. Logic always explores the process of
thinking in connection with language, while
linguistic science explores language in connection
with the notion which it (the language) expresses.
Based on this approach and on the work of the great
educationalist Evangelos Papanoutsos, we proceeded
with the design of a test which detects logical
abilities. The test checks all the categories of
logical sentences, syllogism and combinative
thinking. Among them it principally focuses on the
following, without requiring special knowledge or
experience previously acquired by the examinee: a)
Implicative inference, inferred statement, b)
Categorical syllogism which depends on transitive
syllogism, c) Transitive syllogism, d) Hypothetical
syllogism, e) Relational syllogism which depends on
transitive syllogism, f) Partial knowledge, probable
inference, g) Contradictions in composite
statements, h) Logical inference, i) Inductive
inference, j) Inference using added determinants, k)
Reduction by mixed syllogism.
Work motives
The process of choosing a profession and, at a
second level, the process of choosing a specific
work environment is closely connected with certain
work motives and principles. This test examines the
factors that influence an individual when choosing a
professional path, including, 1) Recognition of
work, 2) Autonomy at work, 3) Prospects for
promotion, 4) Exercise of influence and authority,
5) Security, stability and comfort, 6) Financial
rewards, 7) Established values and traditions.
These characteristics constitute the driving power
in the whole process of selecting a specific work
environment but also affect and encourage in a
catalytic way the performance of the individual.
Hence, having realized his/her work motives, the
individual can safely choose the most suitable
specialisation, and thereby offer high quality
professional services for the benefit of all.
Decision - making
The ability to take decisions is one of the most
significant factors for happiness in our daily life.
We often realize that the effect is not as important
as the decision itself, when made at the right
moment. Furthermore, luck plays a very important
role in the whole process; as a result, quite
frequently a decision is deemed successful, even
though it has not been made through careful analysis
and standardization of data. However, in many cases
the necessary data is not available, while there
are no sufficient prerequisites for preparing and
collecting the information relevant for
decision-making. This test determines the extent to
which a person is capable of, firstly, appreciating
the given data and information, and secondly, making
the right decision, which usually means selecting
the best solution.
Communication
Nowadays, the ability to communicate is considered to be one of the most important factors of socialization, collaboration, welfare and, of course, expression of the inner world of the individual. In order to achieve effective communication, it is necessary to adopt a common protocol for interchanging those messages that provoke, stimulate and arouse others. These messages may be based on the five senses (hearing, feeling, sight, smell, taste), or even on intuition. In our opinion, this ability is as important as thought and logic are, and therefore, we support the conversion of Cartesius's phrase "Cogito, ergo sum" into "I communicate, therefore I exist" [Yannakoudakis 2006].
Self-Esteem
According to the contemporary theory of self-esteem,
the greatest problem arising nowadays concerns the
difficulty of an individual in correctly assessing his
abilities, as well as his environment in general. In
many cases, the person is indifferent to the level of
his intelligence, to the way other people evaluate him,
etc.
An individual's self-esteem is not necessarily developed
as a result of his personal experience; it may be
derived from the appreciation and the attitudes of
others towards him. Self-esteem does not always coincide
with the real importance of a person. In many cases,
people with many abilities and virtues possess low
self-esteem, while, on the other hand, other people with
limited potential develop high self-esteem.
Research has established that people with high
self-esteem accept themselves, which is a substantial
pre-condition for the attainment of emotional stability.
They develop healthy interpersonal relationships and
they usually undertake an active role in the community
they belong to. Their adjustment takes place normally,
without being hindered by insurmountable problems, and
they possess emotional stability. They are happier than
those with lower self-esteem and they possess stronger
strategies for facing and enduring - and also overcoming
- stressful environmental situations. They view life
positively and with a high self-confidence, and they do
not easily succumb to external pressures to comply.
Furthermore, people with high self-esteem are steadfast
in their preferences, and their realistic self-esteem is
consistent with their idealistic self, a situation that
protects them from internal conflicts as well as from a
feeling of guilt.
This test examines the self-esteem of an individual and
the impression others have of him, as well as the extent
to which they influence him, so as to make him feel
comfortable with himself. What is more, it investigates
the individual's attitude towards society and family,
and also the way the individual evaluates his personal
experience.
Locus of control
The theory of Locus of Control concerns the potential of an individual to control himself and his environment, as well as his beliefs regarding the factors that determine progress and success in life. A person with an internal control orientation tends to believe that many things depend on his own actions and attitude is usually optimistic and assumes that he can overcome most of the obstacles he encounters. A person with an external control orientation tends to believe that he is not capable of influencing his environment, and also being in control himself up to the point he wishes to, since most things depend on factors he cannot control; he is often pessimistic. This test measures the internal and the external locus of control of the individual.
Abilities - Aptitudes
Most professions and work environments require certain basic abilities, including numerical, linguistic, mechanical, and reasoning abilities. These abilities fall under the category of tests measuring the level of cognitive – mental development of the individual and reveal the knowledge that the person has acquired so far under each of these realms of thought. The results from these tests prove to be extremely useful in detecting the strengths and weaknesses of students and workers alike, as well as predicting one’s professional path and progress.
Primary Personality Properties (3P)
Our underlying personality is rather static, but the
way we see it is affected by our upbringing and
education, as well as by our intelligence (ability to
reason). Thus, we may have been taught either to
emphasise or suppress aspects of our personality.
However, if we can understand what our personality is,
we can then make better use of the strengths it gives
us, and make allowances for the resultant weaknesses.
Because personality is relatively unchanging through
adult life, this understanding will be of long-term
value to us.
3P is an integrated test that can be used to: a) analyse
the personality, b) predict the behaviour of an
individual, c) assess and select staff, d) offer
occupational guidance, e) assist with personal
development, f) assist with clinical diagnosis,
particularly neurosis, anxiety, adjustment, and
behavioural problems, g) predict marital compatibility
and satisfaction, h) help identify students with
potential emotional, social and academic problems.
The test is based on internationally accepted
personality factors which shape up human behaviour
independent of cultural differences. These factors are:
Warmth, Reasoning, Emotional stability, Assertiveness,
Gregariousness, Dutifulness, Friendliness, Sensitivity,
Distrust, Imagination, Reserve, Self-reproach,
Radicalism, Self-sufficiency, Orderliness, and Tension.
The interpretation of each of these factors is based on
research carried out by Professor Marlowe Embree. There
is also a special factor which is used to measure the
degree of consistency of the answers given by the
subject and can be considered as a truth score.
From the study of the results produced by the test, we
can understand better ourselves and plan for our future.
However, no one can claim that there is an “ideal”
personality or an “ideal” measurement. Therefore, the
scores achieved by the majority of people (e.g. a Sten
score between 4 and 7) can only be considered as
benchmarks that guide and inform the counsellor and the
subject alike.
Psychopathologic personality traits
The analysis of psychopathologic personality traits
is a very sensitive issue and has received a great
deal of attention lately. Evidently, the best
approach to study this subject is through the
adoption of advanced psychometric and mathematical
models and fully automated procedures, that
psychometric databases.
Some personality traits are static while others are
dynamic and evolve with time and space (social,
family or work environments). However, the way we
see personality traits is affected by our upbringing
and education, as well as by our intelligence
(ability to reason). Thus, we may have been taught
either to emphasise or suppress aspects of our
personality. If we can understand what our
personality is, we can then make better use of the
strengths it gives us, and make allowances for the
resultant weaknesses. Because personality is
relatively unchanging through adult life, this
understanding will be of long-term value to us.
This is an integrated test that can be used in
several fields, including: a) clinical psychology
and practice, b) clinical diagnosis, including
hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, paranoia,
psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, c)
behavioural problems, d) personnel assessment and
selection, e) personal development, f) predicting
marital compatibility and satisfaction, etc.
The test is based on internationally accepted
personality factors which diagnose abnormal
behaviour independent of cultural differences. With
the aim to give information so that the counsellor
can understand better the factors of the present
test, we present the nearest (equivalent) MMPI
factors to our own using the same coding scheme as
follows:
Lie score (L)
Validity score (F)
Correction due to attitude (K)
Hypochondriasis (HS)
Depression (D)
Hysteria (HY)
Psychopathy (PD)
Masculinity (MFM)
Femininity (MFF)
Paranoia (PA)
Psychasthenia (PT)
Schizophrenia (SC)
Hypomania (MA)
Introversion (SI)
Neurosis (NE)
Truth score (TR)
RIASEC scale - John Holland
It is an axiom that people search for work environments that are in congruence with them. Similarly, work environments recruit, retain and reward individuals who are in congruence with them. Holland’s universally acknowledged professional – environmental typology uses a special classification of the personality, in order to describe and explain individual differences and similarities, and a classification of work environments, in order to describe and explain differences and similarities between professions. This test implements Holland’s theory fully, using all possible combinations of the six types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, conventional) rather than only the top 2 or 3 scores, as is the case with most implementations, quantifying the degree of match between the personality and specific academic departments and professions.